腰背痛(low back pain ,LBP) 是一种职业相关性疾病,人群中LBP 发生率约85% ,[1]LBP 与肩、颈、臂及腿痛统称为肌肉骨骼疾患( musculoskeletal disorder ,MSD) ,其最基本的特点就是疼痛和运动功能障碍。[2-3] 随着科学技术的发展,职业病的构成发生了明显的变化,在许多国家LBP 已位于职业病的榜首,成为人群就诊、住院或手术的最常见病因。[1] 为此,美国国家安全与健康机构(NIOSH) 从1989 年起把MSD 列为研究和预防的重点。众多研究表明,护士是患LBP 的高危人群,[4-6]护士和辅助护士患LBP 的危险性是其他职业女性的2. 5 倍,[4]有10 %的护士每年因LBP 缺勤累计超过4 周。[7]LBP 作为影响护理人员健康和工作的一个严重的职业卫生问题,在欧美国家已受到广泛的重视。为引起我国广大护理人员的重视,本文就国外近年来护士职业性LBP 的研究概况作一个简要综述。
1 LBP 在护士人群中的分布
1. 1 LBP 的概念及其在护士人群中的发病情况
1. 2 护士职业性LBP 的分布特点
2 护士发生LBP 的危险因素分析
2. 1 个体因素
2. 2 职业因素
2. 2. 1 抬、搬病人
2. 2. 2 不良的工作姿势
2. 2. 3 体力负荷
2. 3 社会心理因素
2. 4 组织管理因素
3 LBP 的自然病程及其影响因素
4 LBP 的治疗与预防
4. 1 初级预防
总之,LBP 已是影响护士健康问题的一个严重问题,借鉴国外的经验对我国护士人群的LBP 的流行现况及危险因素进行研究,并依此制定适合我国国情的干预措施,减少国内护理人员LBP 发生,将具有重要的现实意义。
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