经脾门静脉造影CT在诊断原发性肝癌中的应用
第一军医大学学报1999年第19卷第4期
张雪林 邱士军 王晓琪 赵修义 昌仁民 邹常敬 张英 罗永丽
摘要 目的:探讨一种新的检查方法-经脾门静脉造影CT(CTSP)在诊断原发性肝癌(PHC)中的应用。材料和方法:为31例PHC患者行CTSP检查,描述PHC在CTSP图像上的表现,并与病理及其他影像对照,评价CTSP诊断PHC的价值。结果:31例PHC患者经CTSP检查,均清楚地显示了肝内肿瘤;CTSP显示肝内1 cm以上的占位病变,与手术检查结果一致,诊断优于普通增强CT,但对位于肝表面及肝门区1 cm以下的小结节诊断有困难。对31例患者,除少数有局部轻微胀痛,其他无不适,无脾脏破裂及腹腔出血情况。结论:CTSP是显示PHC的敏感方法;对肝内占位病变有鉴别作用;而且,CTSP应用也是安全的,在临床上可以选择应用。
关键词:肝癌 经脾门静脉造影CT(CTSP)
经动脉门静脉造影CT(CTAP)诊断原发性肝癌(PHC)在目前仍然是最敏感的影像学方法[1~3],但是这种检查不能单独在CT室完成,需要先在X线透视下插管,再将病人移至CT室扫描,使用不方便。我们在CTAP的基础上,改为经皮肤穿刺脾脏,在脾内注射造影剂,造影剂经门静脉回流至肝脏进行CT扫描。我们把这种方法称为经脾门静脉造影CT(Computed tomography during percutaneous spleen portography,CTSP)。我们通过犬的动物实验,观察CTSP与CTAP一样,对肝脏均有良好的强化作用;而且进行CTSP检查穿刺脾脏后,在不同时间点剖腹观察犬的脾脏,未见脾脏破裂及出血,后期显微镜下仅见有少量纤维组织,CTSP这种检查也是安全的。我们在此基础上,将CTSP用于PHC的诊断,显示了良好的诊断效果,现将结果报道如下。
1 材料和方法
1.1 一般资料 31例PHC,男性24例,女性7例,年龄30~68岁。其中15例在CTSP后行手术切除肿瘤,病理诊断为肝细胞癌11例,胆管细胞癌1例,混合细胞癌3例;12例为肝细胞癌术后复发;另4例PHC按照1977年中国肝癌防治协作会议制定的标准作出了诊断。31例病例中,均行CT平扫,16例同时行静脉增强的CT扫描。所有病例均行B型超声检查。
1.2 物品准备 (1) 脾脏穿刺针,意大利TEROMO公司生产的20G套管针,长度5 cm。(2) CT造影剂,德国SCHRING公司生产的60%Angiograf。(3) CT注射器,美国MEDRAD公司生产的MCT310-2型微机控制可编程的压力注射器。(4) CT机,德国SIEMENS公司生产的SOMOTON PLUS高分辨率全身CT机,可行连续动态扫描。
1.3 检查方法 根据CT图像测量,确定穿刺脾脏的位置、方向和深度。局麻后,进针点选在两肋之间的下肋上缘进针,如果脾脏较大,术者觉得针尖位置满意者,可直接注射造影剂;如果没有把握,需要再次CT扫描确定针尖位置。注射造影剂每秒1 ml,总量60~80 ml,注药20 s后开始连续多层动态CT扫描。扫描完毕后,拨针,按压4~5 min,用止血帖覆盖。术后可在穿刺处CT扫描1~3层,观察脾脏及腹腔有无出血。术后平卧休息4 h。
2 结果
2.1 PHC的CTSP表现 31例PHC中,共显示病灶95个,其中病灶直径最大13 cm,最小0.7 cm,所有的病灶均为低密度,我们在注射造影剂20 s后,开始CT扫描,肝CT值可达120~240 HU,而肿瘤CT值≤61 HU,肿瘤内部密度与平扫基本相似,肿瘤边界清楚(图1~6)。
图1~3 肝右叶肝细胞癌
fig.1-3 Hepatocellular carcinoma in the right lobe of the liver.Fig.1-3 were got by plain scan,enhanced CT and CTSP,respectively.The former two could not show the carcinoma clearly,whereas CTSP could show two tumors in the right lobe of the liver.The neoplasm was proved to be hepatocellular carcinoma pathologically.The region with the lowest density in front of the neoplasm is hepatic cyst.
图4~6 肝右叶后段肝细胞癌
fig.4-6 Hepatocellular carcinoma of the posterior segment of the liver right lobe.Fig.4-6 were films by plain scan,enhanced CT and CTSP,respectively.The former two could not show the carcinoma clearly,whereas CTSP could.
2.2 肝内节段性密度改变 31例CTSP检查,17例肝内强化不均匀,其中以左半肝强化不均匀者为多,占54.8%(17/31)。还有3例表现为肝内扇形或三角形的低密度区,宽基底靠近肝表面,边界平直,所谓“直线征”(图7)。
ischemia of the liver owning to occlusion of the portal vein Three different kinds of density in the liver showed by CTSP indicating varying blood supplies in different segments.The fan-like low-density region of the right lobe showing linear symptom was proved to be the occluded right branch of the portal vein
2.3 门静脉系统的显示 CTSP能显示门静脉及其肝内较大的分支结构,表现为高密度影,CT值可达215~473 HU。静脉内的瘤栓,表现为高密度影内的充盈缺损,瘤栓为低密度。门静脉完全瘤栓后,表现为与血管走行一致的低密度。
门静脉高压有侧支循环开放的患者,在肝胃韧带区、胃底及食道区等部位,可看到增粗迂曲的血管(图8),脾静脉早期可部分显示。
图7 门静脉阻塞而致肝节段性缺血改变
Fig.7 Segmental
图8 肝硬化合并门静脉高压
fig.8 Hepatocirrhosis accompanied by hypertension of the portal vein CTSP showing thickened and twisted vessels in the hepatogastric ligament region
2.4 脾脏 向脾内注射造影剂后扫描,脾内造影剂多能迅速排出,脾内并无造影剂滞留。但有8例脾内及脾包膜下早期显示少量造影剂滞留,数分钟均自行排出。
2.5 术后反应 经脾注射造影剂后,绝大多数患者无明显不适,偶有局部轻微胀痛。但在CTSP早期应用时,有2例患者注药局部疼痛明显,1例曾使用过杜冷丁。但随着穿刺技术改进及注药速度减慢(1 ml/s),目前患者均无明显不适。
3 讨论
3.1 CTSP诊断PHC的价值 CTSP显示PHC,不管是原发灶还是其转移灶,均有很高的敏感性。根据15个病例的对照,对于肝内1 cm大小的病灶,显示与手术所见基本一致(图9~16)。但有5例手术发现的肝表面≤1.5 cm的结节及肝门区转移灶,CTSP未能显示。16例同时行增强CT扫描与CTSP比较,CTSP显示≤1.2 cm的18个病灶,增强CT扫描只显示了11个,其中4个病灶模糊。
图9~12 肝右叶前段透明细胞癌
fig.9-12 Transparent cellular carcinoma in the anterior segment of the liver right lobe Fig.9 was a CTSP image,around-like image,in the anterior lobe of the liver.The low-density region surrounded it was due to reduction of blood supply from the portal vein.Fig.10-12 were the images from the same patient.Fig.10 was the external view of the carcinoma.Fig.11 was the transectional view,which was consistent with that of CTSP.Fig.12 is a observation under a microscope,which clearly showing the carcinoma cells that distribute like cords.
图13~16 肝左叶外侧段肝细胞癌
fig.13-16 Hepatocellular carcinoma in the lateral segment of the liver of left lobe Fig.13 and 14 were images got by CTSP and showed a round neoplasm of 4 cm in size in the lateral segment of the left lobe.Fig.15 and 16 were the images from the same patient.Fig.16 was the photograph finding of a gross specimen,which was the neoplasm generally consistent with CTSP.Fig.16 was the observation under a microscope.The carcinoma cells were different in size.Their nuclei were different in size and morphology.They were obviously heteromorphic
3.2 PHC在CTSP的表现及鉴别诊断 PHC在CTSP图像上表现为边界清楚的低密度病灶。门静脉供血的正常肝组织被明显增强,呈高密度,而缺少门静脉供血的肿瘤则呈低密度,二者形成鲜明对比,使肿瘤在“白”色高密度背景下显示为“黑” 色的低密度。定性可结合其他征象分析,如肿瘤血供、肝硬化征象、肝内血管改变、肿瘤密度等[4~7]。但需与下列情况鉴别。
门静脉供血受阻时,表现为三角形或楔形低密度区,边界呈直线征,宽基底位于肝表面,其形态与肿瘤不同(图7)。但有时肿瘤可以合并有门静脉阻塞,肿瘤和邻近肝组织均为低密度。
局灶性脂肪肝和肝局灶结节增生虽然显示密度可能比正常肝组织低,但CTSP检查时,该区仍可显示较为丰富的门静脉供血,密度升高而有异于PHC[8~10];肝囊肿可根据CT值进行鉴别。1例经CT平扫及增强均拟诊为PHC,而CTSP检查提示门静脉供血良好,不考虑PHC的诊断,肝穿刺活检证实为肝局灶组织退变。
3.3 CTSP检查适应症及相对禁忌症 CTSP对发现肝内病灶敏感性高,我们发现PHC的病灶最小者为7 mm(图17)。因此临床怀疑PHC而其他影像检查阴性者均可行CTSP检查。
图17 肝细胞癌术后复发行CTSP检查
fig.17 Reexamination of postoperation recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma by CTSP A large recurrent tumor (bigger arrowhead) and a metastastic tumor of 7 mm in size ( smaller arrowhead) were displayed by CTSP
另外,PHC诊断已经明确,有时子灶离主灶远,手术时不易发现而易遗漏,在手术前要彻底弄清子灶,以便清除,降低复发率,可行CTSP检查。PHC术后怀疑复发,而其他检查又未能发现者,亦可行CTSP检查。
有些病例,需要了解其为门静脉供血还是肝动脉供血时,均可行CTSP检查。
门静脉主干完全堵塞,凝血机制严重障碍,不能进行CTSP检查。门静脉压过高,心肺功能不全者慎用CTSP检查。我们在开展CTSP早期,曾对门静脉堵塞者试用CTSP,不能达到检查效果。
3.4 CTSP检查技术 CTSP检查的关键技术是在门静脉供血期强化肝脏和防止脾破裂。
CTSP与CTAP一样,要在门脉供血期强化肝脏而使肿瘤不强化,利用两者的密度差来显示肿瘤。因此扫描时掌握合适的注药速度就显得非常重要。我们在注药(1 ml/s)20 s以后开始扫描,注药总量60~80 ml,均能达到良好的强化效果。早期我们注药速度2~2.5 ml/s,患者常有局部疼痛反应,改为1 ml/s后,对肝强化效果好,患者基本无不适反应。随着螺旋CT机的应用,造影剂总量将可进一步减少[11~12]。
防止脾脏穿刺破裂,无疑是至关重要的。我们对近100个病例(包括转移癌等)做了CTSP检查,无1例发生脾脏破裂及腹腔出血。我们的体会有以下几点:穿刺脾脏一定要用套管针,而且要尽量缩短其内部的硬芯在脾内停留的时间,减少阻力,防止撕裂脾脏;穿刺脾脏进针时动作要轻柔、迅速,特别不能让针尖停留在脾脏表面,不然病人呼吸时脾脏上下移动,会使针尖划破脾脏;训练病人呼吸,呼吸一定要平稳,不能过深,防止脾脏上下活动过大;术后静卧及CT复查。我们强调全程安全意识,每个环节都把好关,事实证明,CTSP这种检查还是安全的。
作者简介:张雪林,男,1949年出生,1976年毕业于第一军医大学,教授,主任医师,博士生导师,电话85142081
作者单位:第一军医大学南方医院影像诊断科,广州,510515
参考文献
1 Matsui O,Takahima T Kadoyo M et al.Dynamic computed tomography during arterial portography: The most sensitive examination for small hepatocellular carcimoma.J Compnt Assist Tomogr,1985,9:19
2 Mstsui O,Takahima T,Kadoya M et al.Liver metastases from colorectal cancers detection with CT during arterial portography.Radiology,1987,165:65
3 Takahima K,Moriyama N,Muramatsu Y et al.The diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma: Efficacy of various imaging procedures in 100 patients.AJR,1990,155:49
4 Soyer P,Bluemke DA,Hruban RH et al.Primary malignant neoplasms of the liver: detection with helical CT during arterial portography.Radiology,1994,192:389
5 Soyer P,Laissy JP,Sibert A et al.Focal hepatic masses: comparison of detection during arterial portography with MR imaging and CT.Radiology,1994,190:737
6 Rendon C,Nelson.Techniques for compared tomography of the liver.Radiol Clin North Am, 1991,29:1199
7 Kanematsu M,Kondo H,Enya M et al.Nondiseased portal perfusion defects adjacent to the right ribs shown on helical CT during arterial portography.AJR,1998,171:445
8 Zhang XL,Qiu SJ,Chang RM et al.Animal experiments and clinical application of CT during percutaneou splenoportography.WJG,1998,4:214
9 Nazarian LN,Wechler RL,Grady CK et al.CT done 4-6 h after CT arterial portography: value in detecting hepatic tumors and differentiating from other hepatic perfusion defects.AJR,1994,163:851
10 Deflandre MF,Vilgrain V,Zins M et al.Nontumorous attenuation changes on CT arterial portography.J Comput Assist Tomogr,1994,15:761
11 Kanematsu M,Hoshi H,Jmaeda T et al.Overestimation ratio of hepatic lesion size on spiral CT arterial portography:an indicator of malignancy.Radiat Med,1997,15:267
12 Born M,Layer G,Kreft B et al.MRI,CT and CT arterial portography in the diagnosis of malignant liver tumors in liver cirrhosis.Rofo Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr,1998,168(6):567