胃癌双期动态CT扫描的影像表现及其对肿瘤检出、大体分型的价值
中华肿瘤杂志 1998年第5期第0卷 临床研究
作者:蒋力明 石木兰 郝玉芝 吴宁 姚迪冬
单位:100021 北京,中国医学科学院中国协和医科大学肿瘤研究所肿瘤医院影像诊断科
关键词: 胃肿瘤/放射摄影术 胃镜检查 体层摄影术,X线计算机
【摘要】 目的 分析胃癌双期增强动态CT扫描的影像表现,进一步评价动态CT扫描对肿瘤检出及大体分型的价值。方法 对63例经胃镜活检证实为胃癌的患者行双期动态CT扫描,将胃癌CT扫描表现、肿瘤检出及大体分型与手术、病理进行对照。结果 CT扫描对早期胃癌和进展期癌的检出率分别为100.0%和98.2%。大体分型总的准确率为65.4%,对早期癌分型准确率为0,对BorrmannⅡ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型的准确率分别为85.7%、100.0%和55.6%。早期胃癌共8例,在增强早期显示为局限性胃壁增厚,其中中等或显著不均匀强化4例,一般不均匀强化4例。进展期胃癌显示为局限性或广泛性胃壁增厚,有溃疡或无溃疡,增强早期为中等或显著不均匀强化,第二时相呈均匀强化。粘液腺癌4例,其中3例见靶征或分层征,2例见钙化。结论 (1)增强动态CT扫描对胃癌诊断有意义,但以在增强早期扫描效果为好。(2)细致的检查方法是提高胃癌诊断准确性的保证。
Two-phase dynamic CT findings of gastric carcinoma and its value for tumor detection and gross classification Jiang Liming, Shi Mulan, Hao Yuzhi, et al. Cancer institute(Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021
【Abstract】 Objective To analyze the two-phase dynamic CT features of gastric carcinoma and to assess its usefulness for tumor detection and gross classification. Methods Two-phase dynamic CT was performed in 63 cases of gastric carcinoma proved histologically by fibro-gastroscopic biopsy. CT features of gastric carcinoma, tumor detection, and gross classification were correlated with surgical and pathologic findings. Results The detectability by two-phase enhanced CT scanning of early and advanced gastric carcinoma was 100% and 98.2%, respectively. The overall accuracy of gross classification for advanced carcinoma was 65.4%, but for early gastric carcinoma, it was 0. The accuracy of Borrmann type Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ was 85.7%,100%, 55.6%, respectively. In the first phase(early enhancing phase) CT scan, the manifestation of early gastric carcinoma included local thickening of gastric wall, moderate or marked heterogeneous enhancement of lesions in 4 cases and mild enhancement in the other 4 cases. Local or extensive thickening of gastric wall, with or without ulceration, moderate or marked heterogeneous enhancement in early enhancing phase were shown in advanced gastric carcinoma. In the second phase, the degree of tumor enhancement in advanced carcinoma was slightly higher than that of the normal part of gastric wall. There were 4 cases with mucinous adenocarcinoma, a target or laminary appearance was present in 3 cases, and intramural calcification was present in 2 cases. Conclusion 1. Enhanced dynamic CT scan plays a significant role in the diagnosis of gastric carcinoma, early enhancing phase scanning is the technique of choice nowadays for demonstrating tumor lesions. 2. Sophisticated scanning technique is mandatory in improving the diagnostic accuracy of gastric carcinoma.
【Subject words】 Stomach neoplasms/radiography Gastroscopy Tomography, X-ray computed
近10多年间,随着CT机器性能的改善、技术的提高,采用水作为胃CT扫描的口服对比剂,加上增强方式的改进,提高了病变的检出率[1,2]。现将我们对63例胃癌进行双期动态CT扫描的研究结果报告如下,并探讨动态CT扫描对肿瘤检出及大体分型的价值。
材料与方法
1994年12月~1996年2月,对63例经胃镜活检证实为胃癌的患者行双期动态CT扫描。全部患者于CT检查前行钡餐造影。男48例,女15例。年龄为16~71岁,中位年龄57岁。CT扫描距手术中位时间为7.5天。
CT扫描不采用低张药物,扫描前喝水800~1 000ml。增强扫描采用团注法,先以每秒2.5~3 ml注射,25~30秒后改用每秒2 ml注射剩余的造影剂。注射25~30秒时开始为第一时相(增强早期)扫描,于第一时相结束后立即开始第二时相(相当于平衡期)扫描,层厚10 mm(对小病变在第一时相采用层厚5 mm),做连续进床式扫描。常规采用仰卧位,对病变位于胃体下部、胃窦、幽门者采用俯卧位。
我们以同层腹主动脉和肌肉的CT值为参照,将肿瘤的强化程度分3级:Ⅰ级(显著强化):肿瘤的密度与腹主动脉的密度相近;Ⅱ级(中等强化):介于肌肉和腹主动脉之间;Ⅲ级(一般):低于肌肉的密度。大体分型采用日本胃肠道内窥镜协会早期胃癌分型和Borrmann分型[3]标准进行。
结果
63例胃癌患者中,10例仅行单纯探查术,1例CT检查漏诊,不列入Borrmann分型研究。
1.胃癌检出率:63例患者CT检出病灶62例,病灶检出率为98.4%。其中早期癌病灶检出率为100.0%,进展期癌病灶检出率为98.2%,漏检1例。
2.胃癌的CT扫描表现:63例中,58例(92.1%)正常部分的胃壁显示为一层结构,5例显示为多层结构。早期癌CT扫描主要表现为胃壁局限性增厚,表面不光整,增强后在第一时相呈不均匀强化,强化程度为Ⅱ级或Ⅰ级4例,Ⅲ级4例;第二时相扫描强化不明显,与正常部分胃壁无明显区别(图1)。进展期胃癌表现为局限性或广泛性胃壁增厚,长径2.5~19 cm(中位数7 cm),厚度2~35 mm(溃疡底部),胃腔不规则变形或狭窄。肿瘤边缘与正常胃壁的移行带呈截然分界18例,坡形者37例。33例可见溃疡,18例溃疡的边缘呈蕈状隆起,其内有水或气体充盈。肿瘤侵透浆膜面时浆膜面不光整,周围脂肪间隙内有点、条状影。肿瘤在第一时相均表现为Ⅱ级~Ⅰ级的不均匀强化,在第二时相为均匀强化(图2~4)。本组有4例经病理证实为粘液腺癌,其中3例肿瘤密度呈分层状:粘膜层强化;其下方为13~28 mm厚度的低密度区;再下方为中等密度区(图5)。3例中有1例在轴位观有如靶状;2例见胃壁有颗粒状密集的钙化,其中1例其转移淋巴结也有钙化灶(图6)。
3.CT大体分型: CT分型总的准确率为65.4%,其中对8例早期癌的分型均不正确。对BorrmannⅡ型、BorrmannⅢ型及Ⅳ型的分型准确率分别为85.7%、100.0%和55.6%。
讨论
对胃癌的血管造影、显微血管造影研究表明,绝大多数胃癌在动脉期血供丰富,平衡期大量造影剂聚集在肿瘤内[4,5]。以快速CT扫描机做增强动态CT扫描,可在一定程度上反映胃癌的血供特点,对胃癌的检出有很大帮助。
一、双期增强CT扫描的胃癌检出率
Minami等[6]和Cho等[7]报道对早期癌的检出率分别为53%和56%,进展期癌为92%和88%。我们考虑本组检出率高的原因是: ⑴已知胃镜或胃肠造影结果,采用相应的扫描体位;⑵肿瘤位于粘膜层,第一时相扫描(增强早期)强化比较明显,虽然密度并不比邻近的正常粘膜高,但因病变较邻近正常粘膜厚,显示比较明确。Tsuda等[8]认为下列征象可提示为早期癌或早期浸润癌:⑴胃壁显示多层结构时,粘膜层增厚,并有明显强化;⑵增厚的胃壁强化,同时伴有中间层、外层突然中断;⑶胃壁呈单层结构时,见明显强化而无胃壁增厚。但上述表现仅占该组肿瘤的23%。而本组92.1%的胃壁呈单层结构,早期癌中无一例呈胃壁不增厚而仅有强化的表现。胃的粘膜层与其他部位如鼻腔、鼻咽等粘膜层相同,在增强早期均有明显强化,如果没有局限性增厚,正常与病变难以鉴别。我们认为,肿瘤的厚度对肿瘤的检出及诊断有重要意义。
二、CT扫描表现及大体分型
1.胃癌双期动态CT扫描表现:本组大多数进展期癌在增强早期均表现为明显不均匀强化,平衡期为均匀强化,这充分反应了大多数胃癌的血供特点。本组“分层征”或“靶征”并非特异性表现,Balthazar等[9]报道22例胃硬癌,偶可见“靶征”,他们认为是粘膜固有肌层水肿所致。我们认为,粘液腺癌中充满粘液的癌细胞大量在粘膜下层浸润是造成分层状低密度带的原因,钙化灶是由于肿瘤内的粘液糖蛋白使钙盐沉积所致[10],同时具有胃壁透亮带和钙化是提示粘液腺癌的可靠依据。
2.CT大体分型:CT扫描图像显示移行带窄,边缘有蕈状突起的扁平肿物,中央有溃疡凹陷,此为诊断BorrmannⅡ型的可靠依据。误诊的3例中,1例因未显示中央溃疡而误诊为Ⅰ型;2例病变范围较大,溃疡不明显,移行带一侧窄,另一侧宽,呈坡形而误诊为Ⅲ型。4例BorrmannⅣ型患者误诊为Ⅲ型,原因或是因病变范围较小,或是因肿瘤厚薄不等而误诊为有溃疡所致。本组BorrmannⅡ型病变长度为3~8 cm(中位数5 cm),BorrmannⅢ型为4.5~12cm(中位数为6.4 cm),BorrmannⅣ型为5~19 cm(中位数为8 cm)。我们认为,CT对进展期癌的大体分型可根据肿瘤移行带的特点、表面是否有溃疡,同时参考肿瘤的长径进行。本组8例早期癌大体分型均误诊为进展期癌,考虑由于这8例早期癌正常部分的胃壁均呈单层结构,胃壁较薄(2.158±0.286 mm);而CT扫描肿瘤的厚度为3~20 mm,最厚部位厚度为10.875 mm±3.268 mm,与正常部分差别较大,因而导致误诊。肿瘤厚度较大也可能与蠕动有一定关系。此外,肿瘤的大体分型对临床有意义,即隆起型及局限溃疡型者,既使有较大淋巴结,也应争取根治,而浸润溃疡型和弥漫浸润型者,既使淋巴结小,也提示预后相对不好。
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(收稿:1997-07-02 修回:1997-10-14)