4.5 膳食中碳水化物的来源
食物中碳水化物的来源有五大类:谷物、蔬菜、水果、奶和糖。谷物中除淀粉和膳食纤维外,还有蛋白质、矿物质和维生素。薯类、豆类和植物的根和块茎都是淀粉的来源。所有蔬菜都有纤维素、蛋白质、矿物质和维生物。豆类还有脂肪。水果中有葡萄糖和蔗糖、膳食纤维、矿物质、维生素。糖是纯碳水化物,不含其他营养素,多吃后能影响食欲,降低其他营养素的摄取量。
动物性食物中只有奶能提供一定数量的碳水化物。乳糖在肠内停留时间较其他双糖长,有利于细菌的生长,某些细菌能产生维生素B12和其他B族维生素。人成年后乳糖酶逐渐消失,所以奶及奶制品会引起某些人的腹泻。
一般食物成分表上只有粗纤维的数字。表4-7列出几种食物膳食纤维含量。
表4-7 几种食物中膳食纤维的含量
(单位:每100克可食部分中的克数)
| 纤维素
| 果胶
| 木质素
| 膳食纤维总量
|
麦麸
| 8.0
|
| 3.2
| 44.0
|
白面包
| 0.7
|
| 痕量
| 2.7
|
全粉面包
| 1.3
|
| 1.2
| 8.5
|
苹果
| 0.5
| 0.5
| 0
| 1.4
|
番茄
| 0.4
| 0.3
| 0.3
| 1.4
|
马铃薯
| 1.0
| 0.2
| 痕量
| 3.5
|
卷心菜
| 0.7
| 0.7
| 0.4
| 2.8
|
胡萝卜
| 1.5
| 0.9
| 痕量
| 3.7
|
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