外源性表皮生长因子治疗大鼠慢性胃溃疡对原癌基因表达的影响
世界华人消化杂志 1999年第6期第7卷 研究原著
作者:陈宝雯 王洪涛 刘正新 贾博琦 马清钧
单位:陈宝雯 王洪涛 刘正新 贾博琦 北京医科大学第一医院消化科 北京市 100034;马清钧 军事医学科学院生物工程研究所分子遗传室 北京市 100850
关键词:胃溃疡;表皮生长因子;c-myc基因;c-fos基因;基因表达
摘 要
目的 通过观察外源性EGF对大鼠实验性胃溃疡治疗后,对胃粘膜组织学及原癌基因c-myc基因及c-fos基因表达的影响,探讨EGF在溃疡治疗中应用的可能性.
方法 乙酸烧灼法制备溃疡模型. 术后次日15只以西咪替丁100mg/(kg*d) sc治疗,6只以生理盐水治疗,14只及10只对照组大鼠以EGF 10μg/(kg*d) sc治疗,共4wk. 于实验的1wk及12wk分别处死动物,进行组织学及原位杂交检查.
结果 EGF治疗后胃粘膜无异型增生出现. 正常胃粘膜c-myc基因表达阴性,c-fos基因表达弱阳性;治疗1wk后的溃疡边缘c-myc基因、c-fos基因表达弱阳性. 实验wk12溃疡治愈后胃粘膜c-myc基因表达阴性,c-fos基因表达水平无升高. EGF作用正常胃粘膜后,c-myc基因,c-fos基因表达水平无升高.
结论 外源性EGF长期作用于正常及溃疡状态胃粘膜后,不引起与癌相关的组织学改变及原癌基因的激活.
中国图书馆分类号 R573.3
Effect of exogenous EGF on proto-oncogene expression in experimental gastric ulcer in rats
CHEN Bao-Wen1, WANG Hong-Tao1, LIU Zheng-Xin1, JIA Bo-Qi1 and MA Qing-Jun2
1Department of Gastroenterology, First Teaching Hospital, Beijing Medical University, Beijing 100034, China
2Institute of Biotechnology,Academy of Military Medical Sciences,Beijing 100071,China
Subject headings stomach ulcer; epidermal growth factor; c-myc gene; c-fos gene; gene expression
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of exogenous epidermal growth factor (EGF) on gastric histology and expression of proto-oncogenes c-myc and c-fos in experimental gastric ulcer in rats.
METHODS Experimental gastric ulcer was induced in 35 male Wistar rats with acetic acid. Fourteen rats with gastric ulcer were injected with recombinant human EGF 10μg/(kg·d) sc, and 15 rats with cimetidine 100mg/(kg·d) sc, from the second day for four weeks, six rats treated with normal saline and ten rats with normal gastric mucosa treated with EGF 10μg/(kg·d) sc for 4 weeks served as control. The rats were sacrificed at the end of the first week and 12th week after treatment. c-myc and c-fos mRNA was detected by in situ hybridization technique using digoxigenin-labeled cDNA probe.
RESULTS No precancerous lesion appeared after treatment with EGF on experimental gastric ulcer or on normal gastric mucosa in rats. No c-myc mRNA was detected in normal gastric mucosa before or after EGF treatment, but low level of c-myc mRNA was found in the gastric mucosa near ulcer at the end of the first week in both EGF and cimetidine treated groups. No c-myc mRNA was detected in gastric mucosa at the end of the 12th week in both groups when gastric ulcer was healed. Low level of c-fos mRNA was found before and after treatment with EGF, but no difference was found between them.
CONCLUSION EGF does not cause precancerous lesions or activate pro-oncogenes c-myc and c-fos in gastric mucosa.
0 引言
表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor, EGF)是由唾液腺、十二指肠Brunner腺和胰腺等组织分泌的含有53个氨基酸的单链多肽. EGF对胃肠道粘膜细胞具有促进生长和增殖的作用[1,2],对原癌基因c-myc和c-fos也有促进其一过性或短暂性表达的作用[3]. 胃癌的发生是一个多阶段、多基因变异逐步积累的过程[4],原癌基因c-myc和c-fos的过表达与胃癌的发生密切相关,而且癌基因的表达发生于组织学改变之前. 为了明确EGF对溃疡的治疗作用和对胃癌发生是否有促进作用,探讨EGF进一步用于临床治疗溃疡病的可行性,我们观察了外源性EGF对大鼠在体不同状态胃粘膜组织学变化的影响及应用EGF前后胃粘膜EGF受体和原癌基因c-myc和c-fos表达的变化.
1 材料和方法
1.1 材料 Wistar ♂大鼠购于北京医科大学动物室;EGF由军事医学科学院生物工程研究所分子遗传室提供;标记及免疫组化检测试剂盒购于宝灵曼公司.
1.2 方法
1.2.1 大鼠胃溃疡模型 Wistar ♂大鼠51只,体重100g±10g. 随机选择35只用乙酸烧灼法制作出慢性胃溃疡模型[5],16只用生理盐水购于代替乙酸制作出对照组. 术后2d溃疡模型组大鼠随机分为3组,分别给予EGF 10μg/(kg.d), sc(14只)、西咪替丁100mg/(kg.d), sc(15只)或生理盐水1mL/d,sc(6只)治疗4wk,对照组分别给予EGF(10只)或生理盐水(6只),剂量和方法和时间与溃疡组相同. 于治疗开始1wk末处死溃疡治疗组的动物20只(EGF治疗组7只,西咪替丁治疗组7只,生理盐水治疗组6只),wk12末处死其余动物. 处死后的大鼠解剖取胃,盲法观察胃粘膜情况,有溃疡者记录溃疡指数.
1.2.2 观察指标 ①组织学检查:新鲜胃组织用40mL/L多聚甲醛固定,石蜡包埋,常规切片,HE染色,光镜观察组织学变化. ②原位杂交方法:采用石蜡切片进行. 探针采用随机引物法或PCR法地高辛精标记,标记及免疫组化检测步骤按照试剂盒说明进行. 杂交前:二甲苯脱蜡,乙醇逐级入水,Protase消化,30mL/L多聚甲醛后固定,预杂交. 杂交:将变性后地高辛精标记的探针以2mg/L浓度加入到预杂交液,42℃湿盒内杂交过夜. 杂交后:2×SSC及0.5×SSC洗去非特异结合探针. 免疫组化法检测. 对照:每次染色均以阳性切片为阳性对照. 分别用去除探针、用PBS和正常羊血清代替一抗或二抗为空白对照. 结果判断:无阳性细胞者为阴性;每高倍视野阳性细胞数1~10个者为+,10~20个者为++,>20个者为+++.
统计学处理溃疡指数的比较采用t检验,率的比较采用χ2检验.
2 结果
2.1 EGF对实验性胃溃疡的治疗作用 EGF可以促进实验性胃溃疡的愈合,其疗效明显优于生理盐水对照组(2.7mm2±1.9mm2,6.0mm2±1.8mm2,P<0.05),与西咪替丁疗效相近(2.7mm2±1.9mm2,2.9mm2±1.6mm2,P>0.05).
2.2 EGF治疗溃疡后胃粘膜组织学改变 实验性溃疡EGF和西咪替丁治疗组间病理改变无差异. 正常胃粘膜EGF作用后,亦未见异型增生和肠化生出现.
2.3 溃疡边缘及经EGF治疗后胃粘膜原癌基因的表达 溃疡边缘可见到低水平的c-myc mRNA和c-fos mRNA的表达. 也可见到EGFmRNA,转化生长因子α(transforming growth factor α,TGFα)mRNA及高水平的EGF受体(EGF receptor, EGFR)mRNA的表达. 实验性溃疡应用EGF及西咪替丁治疗组间,c-myc mRNA,EGF mRNA均未检出;c-fos mRNA,TGFαmRNA,EGFR mRNA表达水平无差异. 单纯EGF作用后的正常胃粘膜,未检测到c-myc mRNA表达,EGFR mRNA表达水平无增高.
3 讨论
3.1 EGF对溃疡的治疗作用 近年研究表明,EGF及其受体对消化道的生长和成熟具有重要的调节作用[6]. 单链EGF对胃粘膜能够产生细胞保护、抑制胃酸分泌及营养效应. EGF能够防止阿司匹林、酸或乙醇引起的胃溃疡发生. 消化性溃疡患者胃粘膜及胃液内EGF含量明显减少[7]. 动物实验表明,切除大鼠内源性EGF的主要来源颌下腺,能够显著降低胃内EGF水平,可以延长胃溃疡的自愈时间.一些有效的抗溃疡药物的作用与其促进内源性EGF释放或EGF表达有关. 如胶体次枸橼酸铋(DeNol)、硫糖铝及乙溴替丁[8,9]. 说明EGF有望用于消化性溃疡的临床治疗. 我们对乙酸诱发的大鼠溃疡模型观察到,EGF可以促进实验性溃疡的愈合,其疗效与西咪替丁组疗效相近. EGF可以治疗胃十二指肠溃疡,并已有少量临床资料支持这一结果. Itoh应用每周静脉注射6μg剂量的EGF治疗86例胃溃疡患者,结果8wk内愈合率为77.9%,而安慰剂组的愈合率为51.7%,显著优于安慰剂组[10]. 国内也有EGF临床应用治疗消化性溃疡的报道[11]. 说明EGF作为一种有效的抗溃疡药物,有着诱人的临床应用前景. EGF治疗溃疡的可能机制主要包括以下几个方面:①促进胃粘膜上皮细胞增殖;②抑制胃酸分泌[12];③细胞保护作用[13]. 我们认为,EGF治疗溃疡的主要机制是促进胃粘膜上皮细胞的增殖. EGF的胃粘膜细胞保护作用,可能是预防外源性刺激因素对胃粘膜造成损伤的主要机制.
3.2 EGF临床应用存在的问题 由于EGF作用广泛,特别是发现多种肿瘤细胞内有EGF,EGFR表达. 因此探讨EGF临床应用的安全性显得尤其重要和迫切. 为观察EGF长期作用后是否会产生持久存在的胃粘膜形态学改变及癌基因变异,我们选择了不同状态胃粘膜经EGF持续作用4wk,并停药8wk时的改变情况. 结果表明,EGF作用组和西咪替丁作用组胃粘膜病理组织学改变无差异,无癌前病变出现. 我们通过对体外培养的胃粘膜上皮细胞的观察表明,EGF单独应用并不引起胃粘膜细胞转化,初步提示EGF对正常和良性病变胃粘膜可能是安全的. 原位杂交结果表明,正常胃粘膜无c-myc的表达,溃疡边缘有低水平的表达,经EGF作用后的正常胃粘膜及经EGF治愈后的溃疡胃粘膜,也无c-myc表达. c-fos虽在正常胃粘膜有少量表达,但在被EGF作用的胃粘膜表达水平无升高. 与此形成鲜明对比的是,我们观察到N-甲基-N-硝基-N-硝基胍(N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitroguanidine, MNNG)作用后胃粘膜有高水平的c-myc及c-fos表达,并随作用时间延长而逐渐升高. 停用MNNG后仍持续高水平表达. 以上结果初步表明,EGF可以促进消化性溃疡的愈合,其作用主要与其促进胃粘膜上皮细胞增殖有关. EGF单独应用并不引起胃粘膜上皮细胞转化,应用EGF治疗消化性溃疡后,胃粘膜无异型增生出现. 初步提示EGF有望用于良性胃粘膜病变的防治. 对于EGF应用的临床指征、病例选择、给药方法及用药时间等问题,有待作进一步研究.
作者简介:陈宝雯,女,1937-01-15生,广东省中山市人,汉族. 1960年北京医科大学毕业. 现任北京医科大学第一医院消化内科主任,发表论文60篇.
通讯作者 陈宝雯,100034,北京市西城区西什库大街8号,北京医科大学第一医院消化科.
Correspondence to:CHEN Bao-Wen, Department of Gastroenterology, First Teaching Hospital, Beijing Medical University, Beijing 100034, China
Tel. +86·10·66171122 Ext. 2616, Fax. +86*10*66176450
E-mail ygb@263.net
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收稿日期 1998-12-21 修回日期 1999-03-18